ANTARCTIC CHRONOLOGY

A Postal History Gallery of Related Events


1915-1931

 

 

U.S. Magnetic Research Expedition
1915-17


These covers, from the fifth of a series of voyages, were posted by James P. Ault who captained the wooden research ship S.Y. CARNEGIE on a worldwide magnetic declination expedition that included a circumnavigation of Antarctica in 1915-16. The expedition searched for the 'Nimrod Islands' and 'Dougherty's Island', confirming their nonexistence. The vessel visited the Falkland Islands and South Georgia and attempted, unsuccessfully, to land on Bouvet and Kerguelen.

Ault wrote frequently to his wife, periodically sending her completed scientific expedition reports. The top cover was posted from his passage of the Panama Canal (Cristobal, 29 March 1915) en route to New Zealand that included a stop at Lyttelton, New Zealand (bottom cover), 7 December 1915, en route to Antarctic waters. Both are properly rated with the New Zealand cover also being subject to WWI civilian censorship from a British Dominion country.

Scientific report-size envelope sent by Captain Ault of S.Y. CARNEGIE to his wife in the States, at the end of its worldwide cruise that included the circumnavigation of Antarctica, from Buenos Aires, 3 March 1917. The ship was ordered halted here from heading back to the United States to protect itself from surface and submarine attack after the United States was no longer a neutral nation in WWI. Cover franking pays the rate for eighth weight class plus 12¢ Registration fee.

(Courtesy of Herb & Janice Harvis)

 

 

ERNEST SHACKLETON


Shackleton-Rowett Expedition
1921-22


Agreement between Ernest Shackleton and the Associated Newspapers, Ltd. -- November 28, 1921 -- giving publication rights for all dispatches from the Shackleton-Rowett Expedition.


The only known use of either of the two cachets on cover


Tristan Type II cachet w/ S-R Expedition cancellation

During 1921, Sir Ernest Shackleton was busy planning his expedition to the Antarctic. Keenly aware that this expedition should be recorded postally, Shackleton made a personal call to Mr. Kelway of the post office on September 5 with a request for a supply of overprinted stamps and a datestamp, similar to those authorized by the New Zealand postal authorities for his expedition to King Edward VII Land in 1908. Flattered by Shackletons personal calling, Mr. Kelway introduced him to Postmaster General Williamson. Overprinting stamps was simply out of the question but an alternative solution was to make Sir Shackleton an unpaid agent of the Postmaster General on board the Quest. He would be issued a credit stock of stamps and a set of expedition rubber datestamps which could be used for canceling the stamps at whatever uninhabited place he visited. The Foreign and Colonial Branch would supply the stamps to the Post Office Stores Department with datestamps supplied within 48 hours. The following day Shackleton placed a request for a stock of stamps to the value of £100. As for a datestamp, he suggested that the expedition be supplied with an ordinary metal datestamp. Additionally, a small number of rubber stamps were requested showing the name of the territories in which the letters would be posted. A small stock of mail bags, string, lead seals, sealing press, letter bills and registration forms would also be required.

Shackleton was told that the rubber stamps would need to be larger than the postage stamps, otherwise they would be considered an "overprint" -- an increase in size would eliminate any confusion as to whether the stamps were canceled or simply overprinted. A post office was established on board the QUEST, complete with a stock of stamps, 50 mail bags, bag seals, certificate of posting book, registration labels, advice lists for registered correspondence, notices concerning postage rates and simple instructions as to how to make up mails. A notice reminded Shackleton than an extra 3d. Registration fee was required for registration in addition to 2d. for the 1st. ounce, and 1½d. per additional ounce. Shackleton assumed that most of the mail would be sent by registered post, though for what reason is not known. No record of any registered items from the QUEST has been recorded.

All supplies and stocks of stamps were ready within twelve days. Mr. Kelway sent a telegram to Shackleton, now on board the QUEST at St. Katherine's Dock in London, which stated that "The Postmaster General and staff of the General Post Office wish you and those accompanying you in the QUEST all good wishes and safe return from your adventurous voyage in the Antarctic. -- Kelway". The expedition was plagued with bad luck from the very beginning. The ship was not reliable and much time was lost while waiting for engine repairs at Madeira and Rio. The outbound callings at South Trinidad, Tristan da Cunha and nearby Nightingale and Inaccessible Islands, Gough Island and Cape Town all had to be scrapped. The ship sailed straight for South Georgia and arrived there on January 4, 1922. During the early morning of the following day, Sir Ernest Shackleton died. The men were shattered by the loss, however the QUEST continued to sail southward after leaving South Georgia. They later returned to South Georgia from where, during the voyage to England, the QUEST visited Tristan da Cunha on May 20, 1922. Mail for members of the settlement was on board, which due to the changes brought about by earlier engine trouble, was now delivered seven months later than intended. The QUEST stayed five days at Tristan, leaving on the 25th of May. Before they left they took aboard the mail destined for England. Covers were struck with the single ring datestamp of the expedition together with the Tristan Type II cachet, but for one example struck with the Type III cachet. No use was made from Tristan with the stock of stamps or the rectangular Tristan cachet supplied by the Post Office. The boxed cachets had already been used philatelically as souvenirs for the crew with the cachet, because of its size, extending across a pair of stamps and overstruck with the expedition datestamp. The earliest known use is thought to be January 14, 1922. A block of four ½d. stamps with the Tristan boxed cachet and the datestamp reading "21" in error for the year was reported in 1954. The QUEST left Tristan for Gough Island from where at least one cover was prepared with the boxed Gough Island cachet. The expedition datestamp and also the ship cachet of the QUEST was applied, making this item an extraordinary postal history example from the Shackleton-Rowett Expedition.

On arrival in London, the mail was taken to the Foreign Branch of the post office for processing. Unstamped covers were struck with the 1½d / FB / D surcharge handstamp and forwarded to their intended recipients without any other cancellations being applied. A note in the post office records of September 1922 reads: "I see from the papers that the QUEST has arrived at Portsmouth. We must get our datestamps back --." Letters to commander Frank Wild of the QUEST and follow-up notices to the expedition's headquarters in Eastcheap, London regarding these handstamps went unanswered. It was not until the following year that the datestamp, the boxed cachet handstamps and the balance of stamps from the expedition were returned to the G.P.O. in person by a "Mr. Cook". A memo notes that "After Mr. Cook had left, a further 1/ - stamp was found in the portfolio making the total of 1/ - values to £2-9-0d. The stamps are enclosed herewith and can perhaps be taken back into stock". A notation in the same record states that this was done and the amount outstanding against Sir Shackleton was £82-16-4 which represented the total of stamps cacheted and distributed among the crew as souvenirs. The breakdown by denominations is:

½d £-0-8-10
212 stamps
1d £4-3-6
1,002 stamps
1½d £1-15-6
284 stamps
2d £7-4-0
984 stamps
3d £4-10-6
362 stamps
6d £8-3-0
326 stamps
1/ £21-11-0
431 stamps
2/6d £5-0-0
40 stamps
5/ £10-0-0
40 stamps
10/ £20-0-0
40 stamps

No doubt some of the above stamps were used for mail at Tristan on May 25th and Gough Island on May 27th, so it is safe to assume that the number of "souvenir overprints", especially complete sets, is very, very small. Mr. G. Olliffe, Receiver of the Shackleton-Rowett Expedition, was approached on March 10, 1923 concerning the balance owed the post office. There was no response so the post office wrote again demanding payment of the outstanding debt. Finally, on May 2 Mr. Olliffe responded and eventually paid the debt in full on June 12. The Post Office was now in balance and the books were closed.


 

HUBERT WILKINS

Wilkins-Hearst Antarctic Expedition
1928-30


 

On this expedition, financed by William Randolph Hearst, Wilkins became the first to use aircraft and aerial photography to survey large areas of the Antarctic peninsula heretofore unknown. A (JAN 27) 1929 postmark ties Chilean franking to the cover.. The piece is backstamped Valparaiso, Chile, FEB 15 '29, where Wilkins signed souvenir mail while waiting to return to Deception Island.



The Wilkins-Hearst Expedition was the first to assemble a complete aircraft on Antarctic soil. The expedition allowed Sir Hubert Wilkins to make a number of flights from Deception Island in a single-engine monoplane.

Covers were carried on flights during November 6, 1929 and again on January 6, 1930 with a Port Stanley cancellation and a South Shetlands backstamp.

(Courtesy of George Hall)


 

 

RICHARD E. BYRD

First Byrd Antarctic Expedition
1928-30

 

Personal mail using shipboard stationery of the First Byrd Antarctic Expedition support vessel S.S. CITY OF NEW YORK, sent 1 November 1928 from Tahiti, while sailing south to Antarctica. Although properly paying the rate from a French Colony to the United States, it did not need the foreign postage from an authorized US sea post office, nor did the mail need to be "paquebot" serviced. In addition, this cover bears the unusual variety (long killer bars) of the expedition pictorial cachet used aboard the S.S. CITY OF NEW YORK.
Crewmember mail from the sea post office aboard the second of the two First Byrd Antarctic Expedition ships S.S. ELEANOR BOLLING, bearing the distinctive expedition pictorial cachet used on Bolling mail together with the ship's strike, used as a "dumb" canceler, properly paying domestic USA rate from an
authorized maritime post office. This cover is canceled 19 December 1928 during its mission from New Zealand to tow the other expedition ship S.S. CITY OF NEW YORK toward Antarctica (for coal conservation purposes). The return address shows the frequently seen misspelled name of the vessel.

First Byrd Antarctic Expedition (1928-30) primary ship sea post office cancellation (19 February 1930) is seen on this fully documented flight mail recording the first plane over the South Pole (28 November 1929). The mail was annotated but not canceled until S.S. CITY OF NEW YORK returned to retrieve the expedition in February 1930. Signed by Byrd, pilots June and Balchen and aerial photographer McKinley with the distinctive flight pictorial cachet.

(Covers courtesy of Herb & Janice Harvis)

 


Visit the Byrd I, II, III Gallery

at

www.south-pole.com

 

 

B.A.N.Z.A.R.E.

British-Australian-New Zealand Antarctic Expedition
1929-31

 

The B.A.N.Z.A.R.E., led by Sir Douglas Mawson, completed coastal mapping between Enderby and Adelie Lands. Two trips were made, one in the summer of 1929-30 and the other in the following year using Robert Scott's old ship, DISCOVERY.

Some of the mail was returned through whalers encountered in the area. A special canceler was used on mail during the second season that was accepted without questions at the Australian post office.


Cover addressed to R. A. Falla, ornithologist on the expedition. It is the only known piece of mail delivered TO the expedition from New Zealand.. It was delivered to the expedition's ship, DISCOVERY, by the JAMES CLARK ROSS..